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[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency Preparedness and Response: Facts about Chlorine.  https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/chlorine/basics/facts.asp. Accessed, December 23, 2021.

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[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recreational Water Illnesses.  https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/swimmers/rwi.html. Accessed December 23, 2021.

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[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Respiratory Infections.  https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/swimmers/rwi/respiratory-infections.html. Accessed December 23, 2021.

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chemical Irritants.  https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/swimmers/rwi/chemical-irritants.html. Accessed December 23, 2021.

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[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chloramines & Pool Operation.  https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/swimming/aquatics-professionals/chloramines.html. Accessed December 23, 2021.

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[6] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts About Crypto and Swimming Pools. PDF File.  https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/pdf/swimming/resources/cryptosporidium-factsheet.pdf. Accessed December 23, 2021.

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts About MRSA and Swimming Pools. PDF File.  https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/pdf/swimming/resources/mrsa-factsheet.pdf. Accessed December 23, 2021.

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[8] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Medical Management Guide for Chlorine.  https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/MMG/MMGDetails.aspx?mmgid=198&toxid=36. Accessed December 23, 2021.

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[9] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlorine: Lung Damaging Agent.  https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750024.html. Accessed December 23, 2021.

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Donlan, Rodney M. “Biofilms: Microbial Life on Surfaces.” Published: Sep 2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8(9):881-890.  https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/3087

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or Author. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[11] Environmental Protection Agency. R.E.D. FACTS: Chlorine gas. PDF File.  https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/reg_actions/reregistration/fs_PC-020501_1-Feb-99.pdf. Accessed December 23, 2021.

Materials developed by EPA. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Environmental Protection Agency. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[12] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Rev. (Mar, 2015). ToxFAQsTM for Chlorine. Chamblee, GA. Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences.  https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxFAQs/ToxFAQsDetails.aspx?faqid=200&toxid=36. Accessed December 23, 2021.

Materials developed by ATSDR. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[13] Meier, J. GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN DRINKING WATER. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA/600/J-88/309 (NTIS PB89202428).  https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=NHEERL&dirEntryId=49498. Accessed December 23, 2021.

Materials developed by EPA. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, Environmental Protection Agency, or Author. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[14] The Department of Natural Resources. (n.d.). DDT And Other Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides. State of Michigan.  https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-350-79136_79608_85016-26633--,00.html.

Materials developed by State of Michigan: The Department of Natural Resources. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or State of Michigan: The Department of Natural Resources. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[15] The Department of Community Health. (January 2004). Chlorine Public Fact Sheet. State of Michigan.  https://www.michigan.gov/documents/Chlorine_factsheet_82357_7.pdf.

Materials developed by State of Michigan: The Department of Community Health. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or State of Michigan: The Department of Community Health. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[16] The New Jersey Department of Health. (November 2007, Rev.: October 2015). Chlorine Public Fact Sheet. State of New Jersey.  https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0367.pdf.

Materials developed by State of New Jersey: The New Jersey Department of Health. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or State of New Jersey: The New Jersey Department of Health. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[17] Wikipedia contributors. (2020, June 3). Chlorine. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11:07, June 12, 2020, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorine&oldid=960441510.

[18] Wikipedia contributors. (2020, June 25). Biofilm. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23:55, July 1, 2020, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biofilm&oldid=964503139.

[19] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, Aug. 30). Genotoxicity. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 4:46, Dec. 23, 2021, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotoxicity.

[20] Wikipedia contributors. (2020, Jun. 24). Mutagen X. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 8:56, Dec. 27, 2021, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagen_X.

[21] Li, Jiang-Hua et al. “Health effects from swimming training in chlorinated pools and the corresponding metabolic stress pathways.” PloS one vol. 10,3 e0119241. 5 Mar. 2015, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119241.

[22] Pizzorno, Joseph. “Environmental Toxins and Infertility.” Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.) vol. 17,2 (2018): 8-11.

[23] Krzastek, Sarah C et al. “Impact of environmental toxin exposure on male fertility potential.” Translational andrology and urology vol. 9,6 (2020): 2797-2813. doi:10.21037/tau-20-685.

Full Site Definition Reference List


[d1] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 10). Algal bloom. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:37, January 11, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algal_bloom&oldid=1064789223.

[d3] asthma. (2021, December 2). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 18:13, January 9, 2022 from  https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=asthma&oldid=64829177.

[d4] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 4). Bisphenol A. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:07, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bisphenol_A&oldid=1063620068.

[d5] bronchitis. (2021, November 11). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 18:19, January 9, 2022 from  https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=bronchitis&oldid=64628054.

[d6] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, November 7). Campylobacter. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:15, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter&oldid=1054030431.

[d7] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 4). Carcinogen. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:16, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carcinogen&oldid=1058510133.

[d8] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 1). Cardiovascular disease. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:18, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardiovascular_disease&oldid=1063138782.

[d9] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, August 20). Swimmer's itch. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:34, January 11, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swimmer%27s_itch&oldid=1039678134.

[d10] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, November 25). Chloramines. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:23, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chloramines&oldid=1057054775.

[d11] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 5). Chlorine. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:31, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chlorine&oldid=1063912148.

[d12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlorine Residual Testing. PDF File.  https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/publications_pages/chlorineresidual.pdf.

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[d14] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlorine Residual Testing. PDF File.  https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/publications_pages/chlorineresidual.pdf.

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[d15] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, November 1). Cryptosporidium. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:39, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cryptosporidium&oldid=1053105656.

[d16] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 5). 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:42, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane&oldid=1063884408.

[d17] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 2). Dichloramine. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:43, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dichloramine&oldid=1063390159.

[d18] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 2). DDT. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:46, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DDT&oldid=1063236411.

[d19] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 1). Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:48, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds&oldid=1063179324.

[d20] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 2). DNA. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:50, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=1063234796.

[d21] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, October 2). Escherichia coli O157:H7. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:54, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escherichia_coli_O157:H7&oldid=1047800127.

[d22] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 13). Endocrine disruptor. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:55, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endocrine_disruptor&oldid=1060033146.

[d23] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 29). Epidemiology. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:56, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidemiology&oldid=1062531057.

[d24] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, June 15). Epididymis. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:57, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epididymis&oldid=1028649528.

[d25] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 18). Epithelium. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:59, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&oldid=1060927134.

[d26] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, October 9). Follicle-stimulating hormone. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:00, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Follicle-stimulating_hormone&oldid=1049070884.

[d27] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlorine Residual Testing. PDF File.  https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/publications_pages/chlorineresidual.pdf.

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[d28] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 2). Gastrointestinal tract. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:01, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_tract&oldid=1063298509.

[d29] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, August 30). Genotoxicity. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:02, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genotoxicity&oldid=1041461496.

[d30] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, October 5). Giardia. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:30, January 11, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giardia&oldid=1048243166.

[d31] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 5). Helicobacter pylori. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:03, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helicobacter_pylori&oldid=1063884224.

[d32] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 7). Humic substance. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:06, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humic_substance&oldid=1059115693.

[d33] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 31). Hydrochloric acid. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:07, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrochloric_acid&oldid=1062963453.

[d34] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 19). Legionella. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:08, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legionella&oldid=1061062230.

[d35] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, November 9). Legionella pneumophila. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:09, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legionella_pneumophila&oldid=1054293408.

[d36] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 13). Lipid. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:10, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lipid&oldid=1060096732.

[d37] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, October 28). Facultative anaerobic organism. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:11, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Facultative_anaerobic_organism&oldid=1052273496.

[d38] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 5). Luteinizing hormone. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:13, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luteinizing_hormone&oldid=1063883592.

[d39] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 4). Meta-analysis. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:14, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meta-analysis&oldid=1063719943.

[d41] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 26). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:19, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=1062123563.

[d42] Wikipedia contributors. (2020, June 24). Mutagen X. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:20, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutagen_X&oldid=964199184.

[d43] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 5). Norovirus. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:27, January 11, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norovirus&oldid=1063982222.

[d44] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 18). Organochloride. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:23, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organochloride&oldid=1060991849.

[d46] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, November 9). Organophosphate. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:24, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organophosphate&oldid=1054342400.

[d47] ppm. (2019, October 27). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 19:05, January 9, 2022 from  https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=ppm&oldid=57866936.

[d48] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 30). Polychlorinated biphenyl. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:29, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&oldid=1062821632.

[d49] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 26). Polysaccharide. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:30, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polysaccharide&oldid=1062060974.

[d50] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, May 16). Pontiac fever. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:31, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontiac_fever&oldid=1023418872.

[d51] preconditioning. (2019, October 12). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 19:17, January 9, 2022 from  https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=preconditioning&oldid=55040317.

[d52] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 21). Protein. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:33, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein&oldid=1061425987.

[d53] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 10). Pseudomonas. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:24, January 11, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudomonas&oldid=1064874234.

[d54] Wikipedia contributors. (2022, January 3). Lung. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:34, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lung&oldid=1063569138.

[d55] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 26). Pulmonary edema. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:35, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_edema&oldid=1062112562.

[d56] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 12). Skin condition. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:37, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin_condition&oldid=1059999483city.

[d57] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 5). Respiratory disease. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:35, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_disease&oldid=1058819225city.

[d58] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 30). Staphylococcus aureus. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:38, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=1062728963icity.

[d59] salmonella. (2021, October 26). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 19:28, January 9, 2022 from  https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=salmonella&oldid=64417504.

[d60] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 19). Seminal vesicles. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:10, January 9, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seminal_vesicles&oldid=1061073206.

[d61] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 12). Shigella. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:29, January 11, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shigella&oldid=1059876890.

[d63] spermatogenesis. (2021, October 29). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 19:37, January 9, 2022 from  https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=spermatogenesis&oldid=64483394.

[d64] Staphylococcus aureus. (2020, June 5). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 15:08, January 11, 2022 from  https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=59483293.

[d65] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 14). Tachycardia. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:48, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tachycardia&oldid=1060244591city.

[d66] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chlorine Residual Testing. PDF File.  https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/publications_pages/chlorineresidual.pdf.

Materials developed by CDC. Reference to specific commercial products, manufacturers, companies, or trademarks does not constitute its endorsement or recommendation by the U.S. Government, Department of Health and Human Services, or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This material is otherwise available on the agency website for no charge.


[d67] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 28). Semen analysis. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:18, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semen_analysis&oldid=1062443488city.

[d68] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 31). Nitrogen trichloride. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:50, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_trichloride&oldid=1063013913city.

[d69] typhimurium. (2019, August 25). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 20:03, January 9, 2022 from  https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=typhimurium&oldid=53989744.

[d70] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, November 24). Vibrio cholerae. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:51, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vibrio_cholerae&oldid=1056997314city.

[d71] Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 25). In vitro fertilization. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:53, January 5, 2022, from  https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_vitro_fertilisation&oldid=1061955676city.

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